Offline signatures
This section explains how to authorize transactions with private keys that are kept offline. In particular, this guide shows how to create and save transactions to a file that can then be transferred to an offline device for signing. To learn about the structure of transactions and how to authorize them in general visit the Transactions Structure and Authorizing Transactions sections, respectively.
The same methodology described here can also be used to work with LogicSignatures and Multisignatures. All objects in the following examples use msgpack to store the transaction object ensuring interoperability with the SDKs and goal.
Info
Storing keys offline is also referred to as placing them in cold storage. An online device that stores private keys is often referred to as a hot wallet.
Unsigned Transaction File Operations¶
Algorand SDK's and goal support writing and reading both signed and unsigned transactions to a file. Examples of these scenarios are shown in the following code snippets.
Unsigned transactions require the transaction object to be created before writing to a file.
// get network suggested parameters
let params = await algodClient.getTransactionParams().do();
const enc = new TextEncoder();
const note = enc.encode("Hello World");
console.log(note);
let txn = algosdk.makePaymentTxnWithSuggestedParams(myAccount.addr, receiver, 1000000, undefined, note, params);
// Save transaction to file
fs.writeFileSync('./unsigned.txn', algosdk.encodeUnsignedTransaction( txn ));
// read transaction from file and sign it
let txn = algosdk.decodeUnsignedTransaction(fs.readFileSync('./unsigned.txn'));
let signedTxn = algosdk.signTransaction(txn, myAccount.sk);
let txId = signedTxn.txID;
console.log("Signed transaction with txID: %s", txId);
// send signed transaction to node
await algodClient.sendRawTransaction(signedTxn.blob).do();
// Wait for transaction to be confirmed
let confirmedTxn = await algosdk.waitForConfirmation(algodClient, txId, 4);
//Get the completed Transaction
console.log("Transaction " + txId + " confirmed in round " + confirmedTxn["confirmed-round"]);
var string = new TextDecoder().decode(confirmedTxn.txn.txn.note);
console.log("Note field: ", string);
# build transaction
params = algod_client.suggested_params()
# comment out the next two (2) lines to use suggested fees
params.flat_fee = True
params.fee = 1000
receiver = "GD64YIY3TWGDMCNPP553DZPPR6LDUSFQOIJVFDPPXWEG3FVOJCCDBBHU5A"
note = "Hello World".encode()
unsigned_txn = PaymentTxn(
my_address, params, receiver, 1000000, None, note)
# write to file
dir_path = os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath(__file__))
transaction.write_to_file([unsigned_txn], dir_path + "/unsigned.txn")
# read from file
dir_path = os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath(__file__))
txns = transaction.retrieve_from_file(dir_path + "/unsigned.txn")
# sign and submit transaction
txn = txns[0]
signed_txn = txn.sign(mnemonic.to_private_key(passphrase))
txid = signed_txn.transaction.get_txid()
print("Signed transaction with txID: {}".format(txid))
try:
txid = algod_client.send_transaction(signed_txn)
# wait for confirmation
confirmed_txn = wait_for_confirmation(algod_client, txid, 4)
print("TXID: ", txid)
print("Result confirmed in round: {}".format(confirmed_txn['confirmed-round']))
except Exception as err:
print(err)
return
print("Transaction information: {}".format(
json.dumps(confirmed_txn, indent=4)))
print("Decoded note: {}".format(base64.b64decode(
confirmed_txn["txn"]["txn"]["note"]).decode()))
// Construct the transaction
final String RECEIVER = "L5EUPCF4ROKNZMAE37R5FY2T5DF2M3NVYLPKSGWTUKVJRUGIW4RKVPNPD4";
String note = "Hello World";
Response < TransactionParametersResponse > resp = client.TransactionParams().execute();
if (!resp.isSuccessful()) {
throw new Exception(resp.message());
}
TransactionParametersResponse params = resp.body();
if (params == null) {
throw new Exception("Params retrieval error");
}
System.out.println("Algorand suggested parameters: " + params);
Transaction tx = Transaction.PaymentTransactionBuilder()
.sender(myAddress)
.note(note.getBytes())
.amount(100000)
.receiver(new Address(RECEIVER))
.suggestedParams(params)
.build();
// save as signed even though it has not been
SignedTransaction stx = myAccount.signTransaction(tx);
System.out.println("Signed transaction with txid: " + stx.transactionID);
stx.tx = tx;
// Save transaction to a file
Files.write(Paths.get("./unsigned.txn"), Encoder.encodeToMsgPack(stx));
System.out.println("Transaction written to a file");
// read transaction from file
SignedTransaction decodedTransaction = Encoder.decodeFromMsgPack(
Files.readAllBytes(Paths.get("./unsigned.txn")), SignedTransaction.class);
Transaction tx = decodedTransaction.tx;
// Sign the transaction
SignedTransaction signedTxn = myAccount.signTransaction(tx);
System.out.println("Signed transaction with txid: " + signedTxn.transactionID);
// Submit the transaction to the network
byte[] encodedTxBytes = Encoder.encodeToMsgPack(signedTxn);
Response < PostTransactionsResponse > rawtxresponse = client.RawTransaction().rawtxn(encodedTxBytes).execute();
if (!rawtxresponse.isSuccessful()) {
throw new Exception(rawtxresponse.message());
}
String id = rawtxresponse.body().txId;
System.out.println("Successfully sent tx with ID: " + id);
// Wait for transaction confirmation
PendingTransactionResponse pTrx = Utils.waitForConfirmation(client, id, 4);
System.out.println("Transaction " + id + " confirmed in round " + pTrx.confirmedRound);
// Read the transaction
JSONObject jsonObj = new JSONObject(pTrx.toString());
System.out.println("Transaction information (with notes): " + jsonObj.toString(2));
System.out.println("Decoded note: " + new String(pTrx.txn.tx.note));
printBalance(myAccount);
// Construct the transaction
txParams, err := algodClient.SuggestedParams().Do(context.Background())
if err != nil {
fmt.Printf("Error getting suggested tx params: %s\n", err)
return
}
// comment out the next two (2) lines to use suggested fees
txParams.FlatFee = true
txParams.Fee = 1000
fromAddr := myAddress
toAddr := "GD64YIY3TWGDMCNPP553DZPPR6LDUSFQOIJVFDPPXWEG3FVOJCCDBBHU5A"
var amount uint64 = 1000000
var minFee uint64 = 1000
note := []byte("Hello World")
genID := txParams.GenesisID
genHash := txParams.GenesisHash
firstValidRound := uint64(txParams.FirstRoundValid)
lastValidRound := uint64(txParams.LastRoundValid)
tx, err := transaction.MakePaymentTxnWithFlatFee(fromAddr, toAddr, minFee, amount, firstValidRound, lastValidRound, note, "", genID, genHash)
if err != nil {
fmt.Printf("Error creating transaction: %s\n", err)
return
}
unsignedTx := types.SignedTxn{
Txn: tx,
}
// save unsigned Transaction to file
err = ioutil.WriteFile("./unsigned.txn", msgpack.Encode(unsignedTx), 0644)
if err == nil {
fmt.Printf("Saved unsigned transaction to file\n")
return
}
fmt.Printf("Failed in saving trx to file, error %s\n", err)
// read unsigned transaction from file
dat, err := ioutil.ReadFile("./unsigned.txn")
if err != nil {
fmt.Printf("Error reading transaction from file: %s\n", err)
return
}
var unsignedTxRaw types.SignedTxn
var unsignedTxn types.Transaction
msgpack.Decode(dat, &unsignedTxRaw)
unsignedTxn = unsignedTxRaw.Txn
// recover account
myAddress, privateKey := recoverAccount()
fmt.Printf("Address is: %s\n", myAddress)
// Check account balance
accountInfo, err := algodClient.AccountInformation(myAddress).Do(context.Background())
if err != nil {
fmt.Printf("Error getting account info: %s\n", err)
return
}
fmt.Printf("Account balance: %d microAlgos\n", accountInfo.Amount)
// Sign the transaction
txID, signedTxn, err := crypto.SignTransaction(privateKey, unsignedTxn)
if err != nil {
fmt.Printf("Failed to sign transaction: %s\n", err)
return
}
fmt.Printf("Signed txid: %s\n", txID)
// Submit the transaction
sendResponse, err := algodClient.SendRawTransaction(signedTxn).Do(context.Background())
if err != nil {
fmt.Printf("failed to send transaction: %s\n", err)
return
}
fmt.Printf("Submitted transaction %s\n", sendResponse)
// Wait for confirmation
confirmedTxn, err := future.WaitForConfirmation(algodClient,txID, 4, context.Background())
if err != nil {
fmt.Printf("Error waiting for confirmation on txID: %s\n", sendResponse)
return
}
fmt.Printf("Confirmed Transaction: %s in Round %d\n", txID ,confirmedTxn.ConfirmedRound)
fmt.Printf("Decoded note: %s\n", string(confirmedTxn.Transaction.Txn.Note))
$ goal clerk send --from=<my-account> --to=GD64YIY3TWGDMCNPP553DZPPR6LDUSFQOIJVFDPPXWEG3FVOJCCDBBHU5A --fee=1000 --amount=1000000 --out="unsigned.txn"
$ goal clerk sign --infile unsigned.txn --outfile signed.txn
$ goal clerk rawsend --filename signed.txn
Signed Transaction File Operations¶
Signed Transactions are similar, but require an account to sign the transaction before writing it to a file.
// get network suggested parameters
let params = await algodClient.getTransactionParams().do();
// setup a transaction
const enc = new TextEncoder();
const note = enc.encode("Hello World");
console.log(note);
let txn = algosdk.makePaymentTxnWithSuggestedParams(myAccount.addr, receiver, 1000000, undefined, note, params);
// sign transaction and write to file
let signedTxn = txn.signTxn(myAccount.sk);
fs.writeFileSync('./signed.stxn', signedTxn );
// read signed transaction from file
let stx = fs.readFileSync("./signed.stxn");
// send signed transaction to node
let tx = await algodClient.sendRawTransaction(stx).do();
console.log("Signed transaction with txID: %s", tx.txId);
// Wait for confirmation
let confirmedTxn = await waitForConfirmation(algodClient, tx.txId, 4);
//Get the completed Transaction
console.log("Transaction " + tx.txId + " confirmed in round " + confirmedTxn["confirmed-round"]);
let mytxinfo = JSON.stringify(confirmedTxn.txn.txn, undefined, 2);
console.log("Transaction information: %o", mytxinfo);
var string = new TextDecoder().decode(confirmedTxn.txn.txn.note);
console.log("Note field: ", string);
# build transaction
params = algod_client.suggested_params()
# comment out the next two (2) lines to use suggested fees
params.flat_fee = True
params.fee = 1000
receiver = "GD64YIY3TWGDMCNPP553DZPPR6LDUSFQOIJVFDPPXWEG3FVOJCCDBBHU5A"
note = "Hello World".encode()
unsigned_txn = PaymentTxn(
my_address, params, receiver, 1000000, None, note)
# sign transaction
signed_txn = unsigned_txn.sign(mnemonic.to_private_key(passphrase))
# write to file
dir_path = os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath(__file__))
transaction.write_to_file([signed_txn], dir_path + "/signed.txn")
# read signed transaction from file
dir_path = os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath(__file__))
txns = transaction.retrieve_from_file(dir_path + "/signed.txn")
signed_txn = txns[0]
try:
txid = algod_client.send_transaction(signed_txn)
print("Signed transaction with txID: {}".format(txid))
# wait for confirmation
confirmed_txn = wait_for_confirmation(algod_client, txid, 4)
print("TXID: ", txid)
print("Result confirmed in round: {}".format(confirmed_txn['confirmed-round']))
except Exception as err:
print(err)
return
print("Transaction information: {}".format(
json.dumps(confirmed_txn, indent=4)))
print("Decoded note: {}".format(base64.b64decode(
confirmed_txn["txn"]["txn"]["note"]).decode()))
// Construct the transaction
final String RECEIVER = "L5EUPCF4ROKNZMAE37R5FY2T5DF2M3NVYLPKSGWTUKVJRUGIW4RKVPNPD4";
String note = "Hello World";
Response < TransactionParametersResponse > resp = client.TransactionParams().execute();
if (!resp.isSuccessful()) {
throw new Exception(resp.message());
}
TransactionParametersResponse params = resp.body();
if (params == null) {
throw new Exception("Params retrieval error");
}
System.out.println("Algorand suggested parameters: " + params);
Transaction txn = Transaction.PaymentTransactionBuilder()
.sender(myAddress)
.note(note.getBytes())
.amount(100000)
.receiver(new Address(RECEIVER))
.suggestedParams(params)
.build();
// Sign the transaction
SignedTransaction signedTx = myAccount.signTransaction(txn);
System.out.println("Signed transaction with txid: " + signedTx.transactionID);
// save signed transaction to a file
Files.write(Paths.get("./signed.txn"), Encoder.encodeToMsgPack(signedTx));
// read signed transaction
SignedTransaction decodedSignedTransaction = Encoder.decodeFromMsgPack(
Files.readAllBytes(Paths.get("./signed.txn")), SignedTransaction.class);
// Msgpack encode the signed transaction
byte[] encodedTxBytes = Encoder.encodeToMsgPack(decodedSignedTransaction);
// Submit the transaction to the network
Response < PostTransactionsResponse > rawtxresponse = client.RawTransaction().rawtxn(encodedTxBytes).execute();
if (!rawtxresponse.isSuccessful()) {
throw new Exception(rawtxresponse.message());
}
String id = rawtxresponse.body().txId;
System.out.println("Successfully sent tx with ID: " + id);
// Wait for transaction confirmation
PendingTransactionResponse pTrx = waitForConfirmation(client, id, 4);
System.out.println("Transaction " + id + " confirmed in round " + pTrx.confirmedRound);
// Read the transaction
JSONObject jsonObj = new JSONObject(pTrx.toString());
System.out.println("Transaction information (with notes): " + jsonObj.toString(2));
System.out.println("Decoded note: " + new String(pTrx.txn.tx.note));
printBalance(myAccount);
// Construct the transaction
txParams, err := algodClient.SuggestedParams().Do(context.Background())
if err != nil {
fmt.Printf("Error getting suggested tx params: %s\n", err)
return
}
// comment out the next two (2) lines to use suggested fees
txParams.FlatFee = true
txParams.Fee = 1000
fromAddr := myAddress
toAddr := "GD64YIY3TWGDMCNPP553DZPPR6LDUSFQOIJVFDPPXWEG3FVOJCCDBBHU5A"
var amount uint64 = 1000000
var minFee uint64 = 1000
note := []byte("Hello World")
genID := txParams.GenesisID
genHash := txParams.GenesisHash
firstValidRound := uint64(txParams.FirstRoundValid)
lastValidRound := uint64(txParams.LastRoundValid)
tx, err := transaction.MakePaymentTxnWithFlatFee(fromAddr, toAddr, minFee, amount, firstValidRound, lastValidRound, note, "", genID, genHash)
if err != nil {
fmt.Printf("Error creating transaction: %s\n", err)
return
}
// Sign the transaction
txID, signedTxn, err := crypto.SignTransaction(privateKey, tx)
if err != nil {
fmt.Printf("Failed to sign transaction: %s\n", err)
return
}
fmt.Printf("Signed txid: %s\n", txID)
// Save the signed transaction to file
err = ioutil.WriteFile("./signed.stxn", signedTxn, 0644)
if err == nil {
fmt.Printf("Saved signed transaction to file\n")
return
}
fmt.Printf("Failed in saving trx to file, error %s\n", err)
// Read signed transaction from file
dat, err := ioutil.ReadFile("./signed.stxn")
if err != nil {
fmt.Printf("Error reading signed transaction from file: %s\n", err)
return
}
// Submit the transaction
sendResponse, err := algodClient.SendRawTransaction(dat).Do(context.Background())
if err != nil {
fmt.Printf("failed to send transaction: %s\n", err)
return
}
fmt.Printf("Submitted transaction %s\n", sendResponse)
// Wait for confirmation
confirmedTxn, err := future.WaitForConfirmation(algodClient,sendResponse, 4, context.Background())
if err != nil {
fmt.Printf("Error waiting for confirmation on txID: %s\n", sendResponse)
return
}
fmt.Printf("Confirmed Transaction: %s in Round %d\n", sendResponse ,confirmedTxn.ConfirmedRound)
fmt.Printf("Decoded note: %s\n", string(confirmedTxn.Transaction.Txn.Note))
$ goal clerk rawsend --filename signed.txn
Info
Example transaction code snippets are provided throughout this page. Full running code transaction examples as well as offline multisig for each SDK are available within the GitHub repo at /examples/offline and for download (.zip).
Saving Signed and Unsigned Multisig Transactions to a File using goal
Create a multisig account by listing all of the accounts in the multisig and specifying the threshold number of accounts to sign with the -T flag
goal account multisig new <my-account1> <my-account2> <my-account3> etc… -T 2
Create an unsigned transaction and write to file
goal clerk send --from <my-multisig-account> --to AZLR2XP4O2WFHLX6TX7AZVY23HLVLG3K5K3FRIKIYDOYN6ISIF54SA4RNY --fee=1000 --amount=1000000 --out="unsigned.txn"
Sign by the required number of accounts to meet the threshold.
goal clerk multisig sign -a F <my-account1> -t=unsigned.txn
goal clerk multisig sign -a F <my-account2> -t=unsigned.txn
Merge signings
goal clerk multisig merge --out signed.txn unsigned.txn
Broadcast
goal clerk rawsend --filename signed.txn